Packed and Fluidised Bed Behaviour in a Solid-Liquid System

Question: Discuss about the Packed and Fluidised Bed Behaviour in a Solid-Liquid System. Answer: Introduction Fluidisation takes place due to an upward flow of fluid through a particle bed in particle technology. In this process, the particles in the bed are lifted up, and therefore, do not touch one another. This results to the transformation of the particle bed into a fluid-like condition. During the flow of the fluid through the particle bed, a pressure decrease is detected as a result of the fluid drag force. Such a pressure decrease continues until the minimum fluidisation speed is obtained. The lowest amount of fluidisation speed is the minimum speed of the upward flowing fluid through the bed containing the particles that is needed to produce fluidisation (Maroufi, Khoshandam, Kumar, 2012). This takes place when the pressure decrease is equal to the weight of the particles in the bed. Consequently, this results in the particles dissociating. A fluidised bed results when a bed containing the particles goes through the suitable conditions needed for fluidisation, under the confinement of a controlled container. The tremendous mixing that occurs between the solid and fluid in a fluidised bed results in the towering rates of both weight and heat transfer. As a result, fluidised beds are enormously handy and play a central part in a broad variety of industrial and engineering processes. For instance, fluidised beds can be employed as reactors for the catalytic dissociation of complex hydrocarbons. They can also be used in the granulation process for the enlargement of the particle size, for the separation of minerals and particles size and density. Additionally, they can be utilized for solid cooling as a result of heat transfer. In other more advanced applications, fluidised beds can be employed in the coal gasification process (Sokł, 2001). During its many applications, the system parameters vary significantly li ke the particles property and the speed at which fluidisation process takes place (Doroodchi et al., 2012). The lab report illustrates an experiment carried out to study the packed and fluidised beds with the aim of investigating the characteristics of packed and fluidised beds under changing conditions, and the outcome of varying shaped particles on such operating conditions. The experiment also gives perspective into how these characteristics can be tapped within an industrial setting. This experiment was undertaken into two segments. The first segment employed spherical particles to constitute the particle bed. On the contrary, the second experiment employed cylindrically shaped particles. In both cases, the hydrodynamic properties of fluidised beds were studied. The focus was majorly on the conditions obligatory for a packed bed of particles to go through fluidisation. Similarly, the experiment focused on the associated pressure reduction through the bed with the rising flow rate of the particles. The particles bed was at the start, allowed to fluidize before taken through the process of de-fluidisation. The experimental pressure decrease was compared for trends, similarities and differences that occurred during the process of fluidization and de-fluidisation. Subsequently, the experimental outcomes were also compared with the theoretical association proposed by Richardson , Zaki, Ergun, and Carman-Kozeny. To begin with, the equations used and the derivation in the calculation of the theoretical forecasting for the operating conditions of both the fluidised and packed beds is illustrated later in this report. The report also covers the experimental procedure, and the results from the study. The results are comprehensively discussed and descried into detail in comparison to the existing theories outlined in the report. The report concludes with the general conclusions and recommendations anchored on the determinations of the experimental study. Experimental Materials, Apparatus, and Equipment The experiment was carried out using a fabricated fluidised bed reactor apparatus, particularly projected to measure the pressure reduction which takes place across both a fluidised and packed bed. The fluidised bed reactor column assumed a cylindrical profile, with an interior diameter of 2.5 cm, and corresponding exterior diameter of 3.0 cm. The fluidised bed reactor column comprised of a particle bed conflated with water to make the column packed. The particle bed was fabricated using both clear spherical beads of diameter 0.202 cm, and green cylindrical beads with a diameter of 0.249 cm and length of 0.192 cm. A variable regulator valve regulated the fluid flow into the reactor column that contains the particle bed. The output made use of the flow rates varying from 0 to 42 g/s. This represented a range of 0 to 70% of the production capacity of the beds measured using a rotameter. A DP Cell having an output reading that ranges from 0.94 to 4.39 V evaluated the decrease in pressure inside the reactor column. The measured emfs were changed into a height difference in respect to water. This was achieved by calibrating the output emfs to a head difference in terms of the water column that ranges numerically between 0 to 48 cm in terms of water column. The Figure below illustrates a schematic diagram of the apparatus employed in the experiment The apparatus elements are as identified below Part Name 1 Fluid reservoir 2 Pump 3/3A Control valves 4 Flowmeter 5 Drain pipe 6 Cam lock 1; releases the drain pipe but holds gauze in place to retain beads 7 Cam lock 2; releases the gauze that retains the beads 8 Fluidised bed reactor column 9 Top gauze; to hold the beads within the column if the flow is excessive 10 Transition system 11 Bleed box and pressure sensors 12 Calibration levels 13 Processor 14 Multimeter Experimental Procedure The preamble of the experiment involved turning on of the pump and subsequently bleeding off any trapped air within the plastic tubes. The DP Cell was graduated by first turning the valves to the calibrate initials position. The output emf was then measured and recorded for various water head heights. These figures were measured by varying the height of one of the calibration tubes in an increasing manner. The regulator valves were then replaced to the operate initial setting. After that, the rotameter was graduated to measure and estimate the mass flow rate of the water in the column for varying rotameter values. This was obtained by gathering a specified volume of water of known mass in a measuring cylinder over a timed interval. Afterwards, the collected water was weighed to estimate its mass at changing flow rates. The water tapped was taken back to the reservoir after determining its weight. Subsequent to the calibration of the DP cell and rotameter, the original bed column of t he spherical particles were measured and recorded together with the DP cell reading in terms of emf output as a percentage of the flow rate. The liquid flow rate in the bed was steadily but slowly raised in incremental steps each averaging to 5% of the aggregate flow rate. At the same time, the pressure decrease and bed column variation was measured and recorded. The process went on until readings at the most prominent and optimum flow rate was tested. The estimated optimum for the bed column is 70%. The column of the bed was afterwards de-fluidised. This was achieved by gradually reducing the liquid flow rate back to the initial setting (zero) with a steady additive steps. At the same time, similar measurements of bed column and DP cell emf output were recorded for the purposes of analysis. The diameter of an individual particle was then estimated using vernier callipers as a measuring instrument. Subsequently, ten particles were put inside a measuring cylinder with a known mass. T he contents were then weighed and separately recorded. This enabled for the computation of the mean mass of one individual bed particle. Finally, the packed bed voidage was estimated by putting 2 mL of particles in a measuring cylinder. Afterwards, 2 mL of water was added into the container and the difference in liquid height was observed and recorded. The same experimental procedure was then repeated for the cylindrically shaped particles of the fluidised bed. Data Analysis Using the graduation data for the DP cell, a graduation curve was obtained that assisted in the conversion of the emf reading to a head difference in terms of water column. The graduation statistics for the rotameter enabled for the estimation of both the mass and volumetric flow rate. These two variables enabled for the calculation of the fluid speed. By employing the experimental numerical information of pressure decline and flow rate, a comparative analysis of the variants was undertaken for both fluidisation and de-fluidisation processes respectively. The deviating bed porosity with regard to fluid speed was also estimated for both the fluidisation and de-fluidisation phases. Using the data obtained as illustrated in this experiment, the theoretical equations and principles of both Carman-Kozeny and Ergun were utilised to forecast the theoretical pressure reductions and fluctuations (Kramer et al., 2015). The theoretical values of the equations obtained were compared to the exper imental data achieved. In the case of the cylindrical particles, the Sauter diameter of the particles was approximated to assist in the utilisation of the Ergun and Carman-Kozeny equations in the workings. Moreover, Richardson and Zaki equation and theory was also employed to arrive at the theoretical bed voidage for various fluid speeds (Zhang, Meng, Guo, Guo, 2015). Their results were then compared with the experimental values obtained. References Doroodchi, E., Peng, Z., Sathe, M., Abbasi-Shavazi, E., Evans, G. M. (2012). Fluidisation and packed bed behaviour in capillary tubes.Powder technology,223, 131-136. Kramer, O., Jobse, M. A., Baars, E. T., van der Helm, A. W. C., Colin, M. G., Kors, L., van Vugt, W. H. (2015). Model-based prediction of fluid bed state in full-scale drinking water pellet softening reactors. InProceedings of the 2nd IWA New Developments in IT Water conference, Amsterdam (The Netherlands) 8-10 Febr. 2015; Authors version. IWA. Maroufi, S., Khoshandam, B., Kumar, R. (2012). Comparison between fluidised bed and packed bed reactors: non-catalytic gassolid reactions.Ironmaking Steelmaking,39(4), 301-311. https://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743281211y.0000000061 Sokł, W. (2001). Operating parameters for a gasliquidsolid fluidised bed bioreactor with a low density biomass support.Biochemical Engineering Journal,8(3), 203-212. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-703x(01)00100-0 Zhang, Z., Meng, J., Guo, L., Guo, Z. (2015). Numerical Study of the Gas Distribution in an Oxygen Blast Furnace. Part 1: Model Building and Basic Characteristics. JOM, 67(9), 1936-1944. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1529-y

Is the Rise of China a Threat or an Opportunity for Europe

Introduction The rise of China has become one of the most important phenomena taking place in the world. Policy makers and international relations scholars have come up with numerous debates due to the rise of China. The history of the Chinese government stretches over years, but it is not short of powerful dynasties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Rise of China a Threat or an Opportunity for Europe? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most countries perceived the Chinese government as a great power in the 1940s. This perception was because of the efforts that were coming from United States, which was meant to enhance the status of China as a great power. This was done in order for China to counterbalance other countries, which had great power like the Japanese government (Blankert, p. 50). This paper focuses on the aspect of the rise of China and whether it is a threat to European countries. Perceptions con cerning China’s rise China’s rise has raised concerns among many policy makers. This is because of the various threats that have emerged from this aspect. Such threats have been identified as China’s economic threat, military threat, energy threat, and civilization threat among others. The perception of China being a threat has existed for some time now. For example, in 1949, the United States perceived china as a great enemy. The fact that China’s economy is opening up to the outside world can be regarded as a threat or an opportunity. China should not be underestimated at any point because it has large reserves for foreign exchange and surpluses in trade. Its increased capability to manufacture various products enabled the country to be ranked among the leading countries in the world economy (Xing, p.59). As pointed out by Lardy, China’s current market not only presents great opportunities for most of the businesses in Europe, but also the United States (para. 7). This is because the large business opportunities in China outweigh the loss of most jobs from Europe and the US.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has made Europe have a lot fear because this means that they will experience job drain to China. The rapidly expanding economic growth and large involvement in global trade have made China rise economically. This has also been contributed to by direct investments inflows from foreign countries. The European economy has come up with policies that try to react to China’s rise due to the fear they hold against China. Europe’s fear stems from the realization that Europe is in the midst of banking and sovereign debt crisis. The assertions in Europe by some policymakers over the European relations China have raised some questions. This is because of the approach used by the European countries to e mphasize on conditionality and encouragement of quality governance. Again, it is because of the approach of the Chinese to put emphasis on investment in infrastructure. The Chinese analysts noted that the real source of economic threat was the Europeans. This is because the Europeans were still in fear of the developments realized by the Chinese government both economically and in military dimension. Cooney and Yoichir believed that China was too weak to threaten the western power (p. 16). However, according to other policy makers, China is associated with numerous threats. China is said to be a threat to America and Japan, which serves as an affirmation to China’s national identity. In this case, the Chinese views the rise of China as a result of a pursuit of China’s rejuvenation. This rejuvenation is the psychological power which was embodied in the concept of China’s rise. This is reflected in the strong belief of the Chinese that the rise of China is meant t o restore the lost status rather than gaining any new prospects. Therefore, the rise of China as viewed by Chinese is meant to restore fairness instead of taking advantage of other countries. This explains why the Chinese people are yearning for increased advancement of their economy, which is too weak for China to go back to its position (Cooney and Yoichir, p. 58).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Rise of China a Threat or an Opportunity for Europe? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More China’s Economic Prospects China’s gross domestic product had grown higher than in the past years when the country’s economic reform program was officially launched. China has had the fastest long term rate of growth as compared to countries worldwide. Therefore, this has elicited a lot of fear in the neighboring countries like Japan, the US, and Europe. This has made the country expand and maintain its gr owth even in times of global recession. For example, in the year 2002, the expansion of Chinese economy was ten times higher than that of Japan. This made China be ranked third in the world economy. Again, the external trade in China has also expanded more than its economy has expanded. This has been reflected in the country’s openness. For example, in the year 1977, China contributed to 0.6 percent of the overall world trade, which ranked it the seven largest in the global economy. China’s trade performance had been very strong for quite some time since 1980s until 2001 when it shrank and began again to recover in 2002. Another factor that contributes to China’s rise is the inflows of foreign direct investment. This signaled China’s intention to open its economic sector after emerging the best in a joint venture law that triggered the creation of special economic zones. China’s economy continues to create a surprise to the neighboring countries. T his is because even when the global inflows continue to decline to low levels, the inflows to China continue to increase at a high rate. This has made China’s economy pose a threat to its neighbors. Although this can be a great threat to its neighbors, it is fair to say that its improved economic performance is not a clear guarantee of its success (Lardy, para. 8). Europeans view on China’s rise The rise of China leaves most of the countries with a great opportunity that is not limited to its economic coverage area. Some countries like the United States have resorted to frequent use of military solutions because of the slow process of diplomacy. China’s rise is aimed at power restoration and hence stability of the whole region.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some manufacturers and labor unions blame the factory jobs lost in European countries to the rapidly rising bilateral trade deficit that the European countries have with the Chinese government. The European governments continue to wonder what negative consequences that the rise of China will have on them. This means that the Europeans have the fear that China’s economic development will threaten their security. This has made the European countries consider China as a strategic threat. Some of the economists resolve that Europe should make an agreement on the sale of products within their territories. They should limit sale of any product that is of low standard. They should also increase job opportunities in their home country and stop Chinese from exploiting cheap currency (Cooney and Yoichir, p. 19). With its present rate of rising gross domestic product, china would soon go beyond Europe as it has happened with Japan. This is because the Chinese government acquires resourc es from various regions in the globe so as to increase the investments on infrastructure. It is also working on its currency as it targets the European currency, which is its strength. Some other scholars have resolved that they do not see China as a great threat to the European economy. This is because Europe can also form its own foreign policies and a good relationship with China. This can work out well and be beneficial if its structures are well galvanized. On the other hand, Europeans have reason to say that China is a threat to global stability more than the United States and other countries like Iran. This threat is not only viewed from the economic point of view, but from the military perspective. The Chinese government has been developing high-tech weaponry that threatens the Europeans. Their main objective in this is to project power at a given time (Lardy, para. 13). Again, China’s adequate labor and the absence of restraints in the environmental and the social se ctor mean that the country can threaten the whole world. These unfair acts are diminishing most of jobs in the entire world. Also, its demand, which has remained unsatisfied, has raised oil and mineral prices in the world. Another threat is the fact that China makes use of its economic power to hook up other countries. Its high investments have secured unhealthy acts across most countries in Africa. This has given it the power to make use of other countries’ economic resources and cause exploitation to their efforts. This has further been a great threat to Europe because China has engaged in colonization of some European countries. This has been witnessed where China has taken control of companies from the Portuguese. They have also taken the Greek ports and other opportunities because of the high economic power. In addition, China has hindered the spread of democratic values by the Europeans. On the same note, China’s economic progress undermines the European aspirati ons. This has seen China become an inspiration to other countries (Shi, p. 213). The rise of China has presented threats and opportunities not only for Europe, but also to the general global economy. The fact that it has an expanding trade has made it an engine of growth. This is because of the large amounts of capital goods that are imported and equipment used in the industry’s processing units. China has also become an important market for most of the Europeans firms giving European a great challenge. Again, it has been found to be a challenge to most of the countries producing manufactured goods that require a lot of labor. Such countries have started to invest directly in China resulting to unemployment in the home countries. On the other hand, China is determined to be among the leading global economic powers, and this will make restore its international pride. This is likely to be a threat than an opportunity to the Europeans. Despite many uncertainties brought about by the neighboring countries, the Chinese still believe that they will realize their great power dream. If the rise of China is taken as the country’s restoration, then China will reject the threat theory by Europeans and refer to it as western prejudice. It still appears that the Chinese are still confident of casting themselves as having responsible, great power (Hauser, p. 66). This is what helps China to be in a position of addressing other continents’ concerns as pertains to its rise. Again, from the European perspective, it is clear that the European countries will only accept the China’s economic growth and its rise so as to avoid seeing it as a threat to their economies. This will change the European perception towards China’s rise in an effort to reap some benefits from this move. This is only possible if the two players are ready to form strong economic ties (Schmitt, p.104). Conclusion The Europeans should see China’s rise as playing a ver y significant role in the world by recovering the economy. Therefore, they should allow China to take some roles in world affairs. This will contribute to a great advancement in science and technology in the world. Therefore, the rise of China can be heralded as having made positive contributions to the world. Although China is causing displacement of production in the European market, the challenge is not great. As has been discussed, there is no doubt that China’s rise has led to loss of job opportunities. This has forced the European economy to adjust to this aspect. Therefore, the rise of China can be viewed with mixed signals. It can be seen as a threat, as well an opportunity. However, the Europeans should take it as an opportunity so as to turn around and reap benefits that can be drawn from this phenomenon. Works Cited Blankert, Jan W. China Rising: Will the West Be Able to Cope: The Real Long-Term Challenge of the Rise of China. Singapore: World Scientific, 2009. Pri nt. Cooney, Kevin and Sato Yoichiro. The rise of China and international security: America and Asia respond. New York: Routeledge pub. 2009. Print. Hauser, Gunther. China: The Rising Power. Frankfurt, M: Lang, 2009. Print. Lardy, Nicholas. The Economic Rise of China: Threat or Opportunity? 2003. Web. Schmitt, Gary J. The Rise of China: Essays on the Future Competition. New York: Encounter Books, 2009. Print. Shi, Wei. Intellectual Property in Global Trading System: Eu-China Perspective. Berlin: Springer Berlin, 2008. Print. Xing, Li. The Rise of China and the Capitalist World Order. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Pub. Co. 2010. Print. This essay on Is the Rise of China a Threat or an Opportunity for Europe? was written and submitted by user Melanie Calderon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Benefits of Participating in a Sample DBQ Essay Task

The Benefits of Participating in a Sample DBQ Essay TaskWhen middle school students are presented with a sample DBQ essay task, they often find it hard to grasp the concepts of the instruction and the presentation of the assigned topic. Often, they feel lost in the whole DBQ syllabus and the entire project and do not take much time to understand the whole thing.DBQ essay task can be really challenging to write as well as the most challenging test in middle school students have to face. This is why an effective teacher who understands the importance of proper education for children from an early age needs to be present in the class. Though, good teachers also require some other kind of teacher, that is a student teacher that will help their students out in every way possible.Most middle school students start getting home schooling when they reach 6th grade. This means they will still be in middle school or their junior high school at that time. Some students even start home schooling when they enter high school. However, it is possible for some students to enter high school while they still are in middle school.For middle school students, home schooling can be quite intimidating and some may tend to shy away from it as they feel like their parents will not be able to provide a better environment to learn and develop themselves. However, there are many advantages to home schooling as well. They include having family time, being with friends and not being subjected to peer pressure that all kids will be facing.A lot of middle school students may feel confused as to what they should be studying and where they should be studying. This is why some do not stick to the homework schedule and instead find that they are spending a great deal of time on the internet. Online learning, in fact, has become the trend nowadays and many people still prefer to do their assignments and homework on the internet. Having said that, some students get lazy and cannot keep up with the s ame pace.That is why the most important thing to remember when it comes to DBQ assignments is to do them properly, to be consistent and to write down the topics they are going to cover so that they are organized and know exactly what they have to do when the time comes. To have the best results, all students need to be careful about their work and ensure that they write a systematic article for the assignment.They should also be aware that there is no easy way out when it comes to essays, especially in the field of history and their subject. There are a lot of subjects that should be discussed, and this requires a great deal of concentration and patience. Even if they don't get it right the first time, they still have to go through the entire process and be confident that they will eventually get it right.All students should be given adequate time to study but at the same time, students should not rush things so that they won't be faced with problems during the school year. They mus t go through all the necessary preparations and provide an effective work. Students must follow a good course outline for the DBQ essay as well.

Save Money in College 9 Useful Tips

Save Money in College 9 Useful Tips The college – or university – years can be considered a cruel time in one’s life: it’s when most students are on the cusp of adulthood, enjoying many of its perks and only some of its responsibilities; yet they’re also not quite adults, a majority of which are more like overgrown teenagers still dependent on their parents for financial stability, among other things. But, see, college tuition is quite expensive. It sets up many middle- and lower-class students for a lifetime of debt. This means these students generally want to graduate with a degree as quickly as possible, which implies they don’t have a great deal of time for making money – but rather a time for classes, homework, studying, taking exams, etc. So what little money students generally have (whether they’re given an allowance or have to work to support themselves), there are trying to hold on to it. The problem is this: ironically, due to the nature of the fundamental conflict most college students face – the aforementioned paradox – college can be a very thrilling, exciting time: being young, broke, healthy but feeling good about getting an education, as well as enjoying the many freedoms of adulthood. But, generally, being financially independent is not one of those freedoms college students get to enjoy.  This reality means being smart with money is even more crucial for the everyday student. 9 Proven Ways to Save Money in College: Set Up a Bank Account Quite a few banks offer college students free checking and saving accounts. This translates to avoiding fees on withdrawals as well as fund transfers; plus, with free checking, students aren’t penalized for having a certain amount, which is often the case with many banks. The student also benefits from having a bank account because they can monitor their own activity, especially with online banking. It helps them keep track of their money, when and where and how they’re spending it, and can help them save and plan as they move forward as adults. Save Receipts; Get Organized When one saves their receipts, they are essentially doing bookkeeping very much like a business would operate to keep tabs on their expenses, which is crucial for a business to grow and thrive. In order for a business to make money, it has to document and monitor spending so that it is not blindly losing money on things unnecessary. The same goes for any person. Perhaps it would be best if students were to record in a journal of all of their expenses, writing down information from their receipts to better budget and understand their spending habits. After a person begins seeing spending patterns, bad spending habits can be eliminated. Set a Budget – and Stick to it No Matter What Setting a budget is basically creating financial goals for certain periods of time. But what matters is adhering to these goals – all with the aim of ultimately saving money. Going back to keeping receipts: a student has to be cognizant of not only their financial obligations, such as paying bills and other required expenditures on time; they also have to be aware of their spending habits, such as going out to restaurants, spending money on retail, expensive outings, etc., so they can make sure they’re not being too frivolous with their spending. Most times, a student should set aside a certain amount of money each week for bills and necessary expenditures. But they should also cap a limit on the amount of money they can spend each week on other non-essential expenditures, like restaurant meals, drinks, and late-night food. Most importantly, to save money, students should put aside money each month that they will not spend – unless it’s an absolute emergen cy. Buy a Simple Phone Plan There are tons of affordable plans out there. But many plans are without Internet access, high-quality cameras, and voice-activated texting. And on a campus, that’s not a bad thing. The Internet can be accessed on almost every inch of a modern-day college campus. So, for those students trying to save money, who have to pay their own bills, it is most certainly a wise choice to buy a simple, cheap phone plan that has the most basic of functions. Buy that nice phone with the extensive plan after landing that first job out of college. Be patient – nicer things will come. Get a Job – It Helps Prioritize Time Again, it’s hard finding time to make money in college. But there are plenty of those who DO find the time. Some have no choice. They have to work to survive. It is very interesting to observe how the more things one has to accomplish in a day, the more they find they can get done. It’s all about time management. It’s about prioritizing what little time there is left in the day aside from classes and homework and studying. Remember: the more people work, the more they earn and save †¦ because they are not spending money while they earn it. Be Creative with (Legally) Obtaining Books for Courses There are numerous ways to obtain course textbooks in college without spending the required exorbitant amounts on brand-new ones. (Legal ways, of course; as in not stealing them.) For one, many books required for college courses – especially literature courses – can be rented from almost any library. On top of that, there are numerous resources that offer students the choice of renting most brand-new and mostly new textbooks for a very cheap price. In this case, the student only has to pay the semester-long rent fee and return the books in excellent condition at the close of the semester. Also, there is the option that students can form a sort of buddy system; they can find someone in their class with which they can share the price of the book needed for the course. Or they can just borrow a classmate’s book. Embrace Free Leisure Activities – Especially Those on Campus (The Ones That Are Deceptively Built into the Price of Tuition) Whether it’s using the campus-provided shuttle that takes students to nearby locations, spending time outside reading or engaging in other fun, free activities, or taking advantage of free on-campus events, such as concerts, talks and seminars and conferences, there’s no shortage of ways students can save money in college and still enjoy themselves. There are times for going out to restaurants; and there are times to stay at home and find creative ways to enjoy one’s time – activities that cost nothing. In other words, fun outings don’t have to cost a thing. Student Loans Can Help Save Money Short-Term The majority of students from lower- and middle-class families have to take out loans to afford college. Some academic institutions cost $30- $40,000 for two semesters; others – probably the majority – are about $15- $20,000 for two semesters. By taking out loans with banks, students can pay for their education years down the road, after they graduate, often in monthly payments, until they pay off their debt. So this way they DO save money while still in college, only they will owe more money over time to the bank because their loans will have accrued interest. (By the way, many students – through getting student loans to fund college – get to live on campus during these years without having to pay a cent. Most times this includes a meal plan, too. It makes sense. But it depends on the student’s financial needs and/or limitations.) Or, Live off Campus and Get Roomies Then, there’s the option of living off campus, in cheap housing, sharing the rent with roommates. It’s a wise choice for those who can afford to pay the rent, either on their own or with the help of their parents.

A report on dry bulk shipping

A report on dry bulk shipping Shipping is indubitably one of the fascinating industries in the world. It requires vast knowledge and skill to cop up with the day to day operations because of the complexity of the industry and its dependence on world economics. Dry Bulk ships carry dry cargoes in bulk from one port to another and can be categorised into handysize,  handymax,  panamax,  capesize, and very large bulk and ore carriers according to their sizes. The performance of the bulk shipping market depends on the demand for and supply of bulk shipping services, as well as the characteristics of the market structure. The importance of shipping cycle in case of dry bulk carrier is that they plays a vital part in the economics of shipping industry by managing the investment risk in an industry ,where there is large uncertainty about the future (Stopford,2009) Section 1 Literature Review One of the major aspects affecting the future of dry bulk shipping is the quality and the safety perspective. Nominal freig ht differentiation between ‘quality’ and ‘other’ tonnage has been observed occasionally and much services has been paid to promoting the need for younger and safer ships (Tamvakis  and Thanopoulou,2000) Another factor that can influence maritime flows of dry bulk commodity is seasonality patterns .Spot rates for bigger vessels shows higher seasonal variations compared to smaller vessels, although differences in seasonal fluctuations between sectors are removed as the contract duration increases.   (Kavussanos and Alizadeh,2001) Investing in shipping industry has an entirely new aspect by the introduction of private equity and the development of a hedging strategy, now this can be treated as a portfolio optimization problem. The freight futures provide a comparatively novel medium for hedging risk in  dry bulk  shipping markets. New uprising financial strategies in dry bulk shipping in future can revolutionize the entire market.( Cullinane,1995) Dura tion analysis done by Bijwaard G.E and Knapp.S provides an insight to the effectiveness of prolonging ship lives and the empirical data solidifies the idea about the life span of dry bulk carrier. Life span is an important aspect in predicting the ship cycle(Bijwaard and Knapp,2009)Scrapping of ship is done at a particular time and this is done when the ship is retired from the current use or when shipping cycle demands it. Gain and losses after the scrapping of a ship . entirely depends on the market condition. Demand of Dry bulk shipping is always related to the scrapping industry.(Knapp,2008) The Government is proposing that the UK’s CO2 emissions should fall by at least 80% by 2050 . Release of exhaust gases and particles from oceangoing  ships is an important and growing provider to the total emissions from the transportation sector. New strategies like slow steam, alternate fuel and new logistic approach like jumbo ore carriers etc will be used in future to make the s hipping sector more eco friendly(Eyring et al,2010) Research Hypothesis Marine flow of dry bulk goods in 2050 will be largely influenced on numerous factors and the background study done above concretes this statement. From the background study done above following hypothesis are made.

Postmodern Art and Graffiti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Postmodern Art and Graffiti - Essay Example The essay "Postmodern Art and Graffiti" investigates postmodern art and graffiti as a movement. Many critics believed that postmodern art emerged out of modern art. One of the characteristic features of postmodern art is that it uses High and Low Cultures through pop culture imagery and industrial material. Simply put, post modern art can be defined as one that rejects modernism’s artistic direction and eliminates the limits between high and low forms of art, and an unruly genre’s reunion with fragmentation, collage, and convention. Postmodern art is also described as being discontinued and spoof, rather than being spontaneous and direct. Essential movement that led to and I influenced postmodern art evolved around World War I and its outcome. Many different movements and art forms came into existence during the postmodern era. Some of these include Neo-Expressionism, Surrealism, Briart, Fluxus, and the like. Some of the movements that were a part of the postmodern era were New Classicism, Conceptual Art, Lowbrow Art, Installation Art, and the like. In 1980’s painting was rediscovered in modern art. It was a reaction to the uninteresting conceptual art movements. In 80’s spray paint cans were used to express the strong wish for uniqueness. Egos were involved and artists thought everything was possible. At the time of Martin Luther King, March in 1960’s the Graffiti Art Movement had come into existence and after his murder in 1968 youngsters started to bombard the trains with their autographs.

American Women Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Women - Coursework Example Title IX has enabled women to compete in sports with the adequate funding that is required for those programs. Prior to Title IX, majority of the school funding was invested only in men’s athletics. This example could be brilliantly portrayed in the following example. Roderick Jackson, a coach for the women’s basketball, had a decision to make. As a teacher, he complained about his team not receiving the proper funding as the boy’s team. Hence, the school retaliated by reliving of his coaching duties. Jackson took the matters in his hands and went to Supreme Court to fight his case and won. Clearly, this feat would be impossible to achieve without the advent of Title IX. Title IX has been controversial at times because it gives leverage to women’s athletics, which poses a risk for colleges. Clearly, the men’s collegiate team reaps revenue off their teams. Although the women’s side does attract some revenue; it’s not as hefty as the men ’s team. So the question remains: why invest equally in women’s collegiate sports when the other side brings more revenue? In addition, the gender disparity that exists in the schools is just one of the few examples.