A report on dry bulk shipping

A report on dry bulk shipping Shipping is indubitably one of the fascinating industries in the world. It requires vast knowledge and skill to cop up with the day to day operations because of the complexity of the industry and its dependence on world economics. Dry Bulk ships carry dry cargoes in bulk from one port to another and can be categorised into handysize,  handymax,  panamax,  capesize, and very large bulk and ore carriers according to their sizes. The performance of the bulk shipping market depends on the demand for and supply of bulk shipping services, as well as the characteristics of the market structure. The importance of shipping cycle in case of dry bulk carrier is that they plays a vital part in the economics of shipping industry by managing the investment risk in an industry ,where there is large uncertainty about the future (Stopford,2009) Section 1 Literature Review One of the major aspects affecting the future of dry bulk shipping is the quality and the safety perspective. Nominal freig ht differentiation between ‘quality’ and ‘other’ tonnage has been observed occasionally and much services has been paid to promoting the need for younger and safer ships (Tamvakis  and Thanopoulou,2000) Another factor that can influence maritime flows of dry bulk commodity is seasonality patterns .Spot rates for bigger vessels shows higher seasonal variations compared to smaller vessels, although differences in seasonal fluctuations between sectors are removed as the contract duration increases.   (Kavussanos and Alizadeh,2001) Investing in shipping industry has an entirely new aspect by the introduction of private equity and the development of a hedging strategy, now this can be treated as a portfolio optimization problem. The freight futures provide a comparatively novel medium for hedging risk in  dry bulk  shipping markets. New uprising financial strategies in dry bulk shipping in future can revolutionize the entire market.( Cullinane,1995) Dura tion analysis done by Bijwaard G.E and Knapp.S provides an insight to the effectiveness of prolonging ship lives and the empirical data solidifies the idea about the life span of dry bulk carrier. Life span is an important aspect in predicting the ship cycle(Bijwaard and Knapp,2009)Scrapping of ship is done at a particular time and this is done when the ship is retired from the current use or when shipping cycle demands it. Gain and losses after the scrapping of a ship . entirely depends on the market condition. Demand of Dry bulk shipping is always related to the scrapping industry.(Knapp,2008) The Government is proposing that the UK’s CO2 emissions should fall by at least 80% by 2050 . Release of exhaust gases and particles from oceangoing  ships is an important and growing provider to the total emissions from the transportation sector. New strategies like slow steam, alternate fuel and new logistic approach like jumbo ore carriers etc will be used in future to make the s hipping sector more eco friendly(Eyring et al,2010) Research Hypothesis Marine flow of dry bulk goods in 2050 will be largely influenced on numerous factors and the background study done above concretes this statement. From the background study done above following hypothesis are made.

Postmodern Art and Graffiti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Postmodern Art and Graffiti - Essay Example The essay "Postmodern Art and Graffiti" investigates postmodern art and graffiti as a movement. Many critics believed that postmodern art emerged out of modern art. One of the characteristic features of postmodern art is that it uses High and Low Cultures through pop culture imagery and industrial material. Simply put, post modern art can be defined as one that rejects modernism’s artistic direction and eliminates the limits between high and low forms of art, and an unruly genre’s reunion with fragmentation, collage, and convention. Postmodern art is also described as being discontinued and spoof, rather than being spontaneous and direct. Essential movement that led to and I influenced postmodern art evolved around World War I and its outcome. Many different movements and art forms came into existence during the postmodern era. Some of these include Neo-Expressionism, Surrealism, Briart, Fluxus, and the like. Some of the movements that were a part of the postmodern era were New Classicism, Conceptual Art, Lowbrow Art, Installation Art, and the like. In 1980’s painting was rediscovered in modern art. It was a reaction to the uninteresting conceptual art movements. In 80’s spray paint cans were used to express the strong wish for uniqueness. Egos were involved and artists thought everything was possible. At the time of Martin Luther King, March in 1960’s the Graffiti Art Movement had come into existence and after his murder in 1968 youngsters started to bombard the trains with their autographs.

American Women Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Women - Coursework Example Title IX has enabled women to compete in sports with the adequate funding that is required for those programs. Prior to Title IX, majority of the school funding was invested only in men’s athletics. This example could be brilliantly portrayed in the following example. Roderick Jackson, a coach for the women’s basketball, had a decision to make. As a teacher, he complained about his team not receiving the proper funding as the boy’s team. Hence, the school retaliated by reliving of his coaching duties. Jackson took the matters in his hands and went to Supreme Court to fight his case and won. Clearly, this feat would be impossible to achieve without the advent of Title IX. Title IX has been controversial at times because it gives leverage to women’s athletics, which poses a risk for colleges. Clearly, the men’s collegiate team reaps revenue off their teams. Although the women’s side does attract some revenue; it’s not as hefty as the men ’s team. So the question remains: why invest equally in women’s collegiate sports when the other side brings more revenue? In addition, the gender disparity that exists in the schools is just one of the few examples.