Dance Therapy Essay - 1803 Words

Dance Therapy Dance therapy is a type of psychotherapy that uses movement to further the social, cognitive, emotional, and physical development of the individual. Dance therapists work with people who have many kinds of emotional problems, intellectual deficits, and life-threatening illnesses. They are employed in psychiatric hospitals, day care centers, mental health centers, prisons, special schools, and private practice. They work with people of all ages in both group and individual therapy. Some also engage in research. Dance therapists try to help people develop communication skills, a positive self-image, and emotional stability. Origins Dance therapy began as a profession in the 1940s with the work of Marian Chace. A†¦show more content†¦She developed a process called movement in-depth, an extension of her understanding of dance, movement, and depth psychology. She helped found the contemporary movement practice called authentic movement. In this type of movement, founded on the principles of Jungian analysis, patients dance out their feelings about an internal image, often one that can help them understand their past or their current life struggles. One of Whiteheads students, Janet Alder furthered Whiteheads work in authentic movement by establishing the Mary Starks Whitehouse Institute in 1981. In 1966, dance therapy became formally organized and recognized when the American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) was formed. Benefits Dance therapy can be helpful to a wide range of patients--from psychiatric patients to those with cancer to lonely elderly people. Dance therapy is often an easy way for a person to express emotions, even when his or her experience is so traumatic he or she cant talk about it. It is frequently used with rape victims and survivors of sexual abuse and incest. It can also help people with physical deficits improve their self-esteem and learn balance and coordination. Dance therapists also work with people who have chronic illnesses and life-threatening diseases to help them deal with pain, fear of death, and changes in their body image. Many people with such illnesses find dance therapyShow MoreRelatedDance Therapy1988 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Dance therapy is a kind of psychotherapy that uses movement to promote the social, mental, emotional, and physical improvement of an individual. Dance is the most important key of the arts it involves a direct expression of someone’s self over one’s body. It is specifically a powerful medium for therapy. Dance therapy is the use of movement to recover the mental and physical health of a person. Dance therapy is the use of movement to recover the mental and physical health of a personRead MoreDance Therapy Essay1852 Words   |  8 PagesDance therapy is a type of psychotherapy that uses movement to further the social, cognitive, emotional, and physical development of the individual. Dance therapists work with people who have many kinds of emotional problems, intellectual deficits, and life-threatening illnesses. They are employed in psychiatric hospitals, day care centers, mental health centers, prisons, special schools, and private practice. They work with people of al l ages in both group and individual therapy. Some also engageRead MoreInformative Essay About Dance Therapy1515 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is dance? Dance is defined as lively movement using one’s body with or without music. Dancing means to feel someone existence to feel vitality, joy, and most importantly to feel alive. Anyone can define dancing as whatever they would like, but how is dance useful to our lives? Whether you are a ballerina from birth or if you are newly introduced to the art of dance, everyone can dance some way, shape, or form. Dance therapy provides psychological and physical benefits. It helps connect bodyRead MoreReflection Paper On Dance / Movement Therapy1347 Words   |  6 PagesAfter experiencing the majority of the quarter experiencing art therapies I was not too familiar with, I was excited to learn more about my own modality and see the reaction of my fellow classmates. I was eager to see my own reactions to the experientials and how this class c ould challenge the way I view dance/movement therapy. That is what makes this field so interesting. While the foundational principles are still the same, therapists have their own way of practicing in the field, which makes itRead MoreReflection On Dance Movement Therapy1074 Words   |  5 PagesWith the Fall quarter coming to a close, it is interesting to reflect on how much I learned about the therapeutic process and dance/movement therapy. Before this course, I had an idea about dance/movement therapy, but through the experiential in class, readings, and learning from my peers, I feel as though a more knowledgeable, comprehensive idea of dance/movement therapy. This class not only challenged me to step out of my comfort zone, but I feel as though this class brought us together as a cohortRead MoreThe Role Of Dance Therapy For The Lgbt Community Essay823 Words   |  4 Pageshuman health. My interest in human biology began when I worked as a part of a team that investigated dance therapy as a form of treatment for the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. I conducted interviews in which participants completed quality of life assessments. I learned about the significance of combining subjective and objective measures of stress. The main findings were that after months of therapy, patients showed slight improvement in tremor and gait as well as positive emotional life assessmentsRead MoreAutism And The Effects Of Art Therapy1850 Words   |  8 Pages Autism and the Effects of Art Therapy Autism is a disorder in early brain development that effects social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive disorders (Pace, Dumortier, Favre-Juvin, Guinot, Bricout, 2016). It is recognized that children with ASD have difficulties with social engagements and expressing emotions, however some are well liked and do not struggle in social relationships (Locke, Williams, Shih, Kasari, 2016). Over time there has been an increaseRead MoreThe Effects Of Dance Therapy On Different Diseases Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In recent years the interest in the effects of dance therapy on different diseases has become prominent. One of the most prominent areas of study for dance therapy is its effect on people with Parkinson’s disease. Studies have focused on the overall effect on gait, balance, social interactions, and emotional health. In order to test all of these different aspects of the studies the most used tests are the timed up-and-go test (TUG) and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). There is an agreementRead MoreDance Theraphy Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Growing Field of Dance Therapy In the world of therapy, there are many routes that can be taken by college graduates to lead successful lives. There are the â€Å"norms† such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and recreational therapy. There are also the therapy types that have not been exposed quite as much as the aforementioned and should be because they are definitely exciting and should be explored. Among these is the lucrative field of dance therapy. Dance therapy is one of, if not theRead MorePersuasive Essay About Dancing1571 Words   |  7 PagesShocker right? I’m not really the type of person you would associate good dancing with. And yes, I am speaking the truth. I have in fact been told I am a good dancer. But truth be told, I’m actually quite bad, I just embrace it and dance anyway. I have wanted to go to a dance class for the longest time to actually improve my moves. I have yet to do that, and probably never will. But ask anyone on the hockey team, I am always jammin out to the music before games and practices. Not only does dancing before

Using Hydropower Help Stop Global Warming - 1056 Words

Scientific Paper: Using hydropower to help stop Global Warming Thomas McBrien Prof. Hussain FCSC-101:W06 Global Warming is the gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. These pollutants are produced by factories, cars, and even people and animals. Global Warming is a major concern because it affects all life forms and is changing the earth entirely. As the problem continues to grow, individuals must do their part to help prevent it. The biggest pollutants in our atmosphere are Carbon dioxide, Methane, and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil for energy. Electricity production is the biggest cause of carbon emissions in the United States. Transportation is the second biggest cause of emissions and factory production is the third biggest cause. Humans and animals also play a small role in carbon emissions because we exhale carbon dioxide. Transportation mainly consist s of personal automobiles which is why the search for a new way to power cars is so important. To help prevent carbon emissions many new cars use electric to help produce less carbon emissions and reduce the burning of fossil fuels. These cars are charged at home, but still require electricity made from power plants which are burning fossil fuels and producing carbon emissions.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesinitiative. Global warming, or climate change, is a very real problem that may soon wipe out the Earth’s resources. Some of which include necessary items such as natural foods and water. This problem doesn’t just happen in some third-world country no one has heard of. This is happening right in our own back yards. This problem has a very simple solution: conserve energy, cut down on Carbon Dioxide emissions, and focus on developing technology that utilizes clean renewable energies. Global warming primarilyRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On The Earth2122 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is global warming and what is the proof that it exists? The topic of whether global warming is real and what the consequences it may have has been heavily debated for quite some time now. The reason why it has been debated for such an extended amount of time is because there are still unknowns to confirm that global warming is a true threat to the earth. Many people do not believe in global warming because they truly do not know the basic concept of global warming. There are missing pieces toRead MoreSolutions to the Global Climate Change Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming has become a world wide issue and an issue that is causing great controversy. It is an increase in the earths atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting especially from pollution (Dictionary). Global warming is a natural proc ess, but because of increase in certain activities this process is taking a faster and more dangerous route creating global problems. Global warming was first theorized in 1894 by Jean BaptisteRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Big Issue Causing The World1264 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming is a big issue causing the world to heat up. One of the main causes of global warming is carbon emission. Carbon emission are at an all-time high and much of it is due to humans and the burning of fossil fuels. Higher carbon emissions add significantly to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Climate scientists all agree that the average temperature of earth is increasing and it is because of us. Every day we burn more and more coal, oil, and gasoline and those are only a fewRead MoreThe Laws Of Thermodynamics Will Be Explained1449 Words   |  6 Pagesand biofuel will be described. In order to combat our growing energy problems the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was signed into law to help cre ate tax incentives and loans for conservation and use of alternative fuels. Two provisions of the Act, promotion of US nuclear construction and the addition of ocean energy sources will be described and how these provisions can help the United States meet energy use goals. Thermodynamics is a large scale study of energy and how heat and temperature behavior togetherRead MoreNo More Consumption of Coal3125 Words   |  13 Pagesmake. For a sustainable society and to improve the quality of the environment and reform the economy, the global consumption of coal needs to be restricted. The balance between economy and environment is hard to maintain. Burning coal for energy has lots of advantages and disadvantages. There are two opposite opinions towards dealing with excess consumption of coal. According to objective global circumstance, it is impossible to ban coal directly. So a debate about whether to restrict coal makes moreRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Problem Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pageshumans have changed the earth’s atmosphere in dramatic ways over the past two centuries, resulting in global warming†. (What is the Greenhouse Effect?) Global warming is a real problem, and it has real consequences. The slow increase in the earth’s temperature is called global warming. It is my opinion that this is because of the way people all over the earth go about their daily living. Global warming and climate change can be eliminated by upgrading building infrastructures over a period of time. StoppingRead MoreCarbon Dioxide- Good and the Bad Sc ript Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagescharacteristics of carbon, global or local issues related to carbon dioxide, what science is doing to address these issues and the benefits and limitations of these scientific methods. The name of my element is carbon. Its symbol is the letter â€Å"C† and its atomic number is 6. Its atomic mass is 12.0107. Carbon’s abundance on the earth’s crust is 200 parts per million by weight and 344 parts per million by moles. You can buy 100g of carbon for $2.40. Global warming is the main global issue with carbon.Read MoreGlobal Warming And Increasing Greenhouse Gases1509 Words   |  7 PagesWith all the talk of global warming and increasing greenhouse gases, many corporations and individuals are attempting to integrate cleaner power sources into their way of life. Power companies are erecting huge wind turbine farms in order to harvest more clean energy. Other companies are attempting to lower their dependence on oil and coal reserves. Many individuals are even getting the â€Å"Green† bug. Homeowners around the country are installing solar panels to gather solar power to supplementRead MoreWind Power versus Hydro Power Essay2032 Words   |  9 Pagesreview is wind power and hydropower. The purpose is discovering how wind power and hydropower influences the world and our lives.â€Å"Environmental science is the study of the interaction of the living and nonliving components of the environment with special emphasis on the impa ct of humans on these components. (Hartwick, What is Environmental Science?) This research topic involves the study of environmental science. The following characteristics of wind power and hydropower will be discussed: background

The Salem Witch Trials A Day By Day Chronicle Of A...

The book I have chosen to write about is â€Å"The Salem Witch Trials: A Day by Day Chronicle of a Community Under Siege† written by Marilynne K. Roach and published in 2002. Marilynne K. Roach is the president of the Historical Society of Watertown and a member of the Watertown Historical Commission board, she also is an active board member and a curator of the Salem Witch Museum. She has multiple books that have been published about the Salem and the trials that occurred in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. She also holds a fine arts degree from the Massachusetts College of Art. Roach spent 20 years researching archival collections, and discovered that many recent books on the subject are either inaccurate or unsubstantiated about the trials. A lot of the information found in other books relating the trials from different authors use quotes from her works and they also use her as a reference/ source because of her profound studies on the subject along with her active r ole in the community and with the museum. Emerson W. Baker explained how important Roach’s book was to his research for his own book, â€Å"A Storm of Witchcraft†, stating: â€Å"I am in awe of her work, and as I have told her – I never could have written my book without her day by day chronicle.† â€Å"All lives are stories, and history is made of stories†-MKR, this quote makes you think that you of what you’ve done in and with your life and if it will have an impact alongside our history books. The events andShow MoreRelatedSix Women Of Salem Book Review1124 Words   |  5 PagesYasmin Valdez 11/23/15 History 1302 Book Review â€Å"Six Women of Salem† Book Review, By Marilyne K. Roach Marilynne K. Roach is a resident of Watertown, Massachusetts. She went on to graduate with a BFA from MCA (Massachusetts College of Art) but she uniquely gives credit to the public library systems for the rest of her education. This is very interesting to me because she says that libraries are what she owes to her education to. Because of all the books she reads she later turns out to be a greatRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : A Series Of Events That Occurred3696 Words   |  15 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a series of events that occurred within the 1690 s in a puritan society called Salem Village. It started with people acting out due to unknown causes and sources. Citizens within Salem started to accuse the men and women who acted out as witches, increasing mistrust and hysteria within Salem. The numerous allegations lead to hearings and prosecutions of the people who were accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts. The trials resulted in the executions of twenty

Feminism Gender And Gender Inequality - 1834 Words

Feminism historically has only gazed upon the topic of equality in their activism and debate. Often time s, western feminists themselves do not contemplate how they are privileged in the fact that they are able to and allowed to, advocate for equality for women. Internationally, this is not the case. Rather women are fighting just to be included and seen in the eyes of men on stages that culturally they have never been before. In politics, globally women are fighting for their faces to be the ones that are seen as politicians, not men who do not see women s issues on the same level as other issues. In the economy, women are working towards holding higher positions and breaking the glass ceiling that holds them back as well as breaking†¦show more content†¦Women s movements began work and â€Å"by the mid-1980s, an urban-based women s movement had emerged in China, characterized by the heightening of women s consciousness, attempts to combat the old and new problems women fa ced, and, most important, the development of women s organizations and women s studies groups and programs at Chinese universities† (162). Movements began popping up from the injustices that were being endured by Chinese women. The women s movement that developed in China was in direct response to the conditions that conditions that were created from a changing cultural dynamic in the country. Responses from the heightening of women s awareness of the injustices were facing led to the creation of organizations that would not have existed otherwise. Organizations that worked outside of the government to create change in the domestic sphere rather than the political. In the case of China, organizations that worked for change in the social and domestic realm realized that they could find assistance and influence from organizations beyond the borders of China. Chinese women scholars that left China for research were coming back with ideas and contacts that assisted effort for chan ge in China. In the effort of gender equality, Zimbabwean women had to take a different approach in the quest for equality. Due to the sentiment that was formed after Zimbabwe s independence in 1980, women s rights took a drastic turn from what they had been movingShow MoreRelatedFeminism : Feminism For Gender Inequality1954 Words   |  8 Pages Feminism for Gender Inequality What is feminism? That is the question that most people find asking themselves after hearing it in the media, whether it be a petition for a law or women calling out male figures for being sexist, before we go on let s ask ourselves a couple of questions. Are women any lesser than any man? No, most people would say that the women and the men are both equal in any aspect, in matter of fact here s another one, do you think any man or woman have the capability of beingRead MoreGender Inequality (Feminism Movement)2694 Words   |  11 PagesGender Inequality (Feminism Movement) Western female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the women’s subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in theRead MoreDiscrimination, Anti Feminism, And Gender Inequality1455 Words   |  6 Pages Valery Guzman Prof. Klock ENG 321 - 001 Discrimination, Anti-Feminism, and Gender Inequality In Films Women power has increased throughout the 20th and 21st century by means of statutory laws, legislative ascending, and Civil Rights Movements. Gender and race has been the target of numerous discriminatory laws that have persisted throughout time. Two major films have portrayed the endurance of women on issues of gender discrimination and discriminatory laws. The Color Purple, based on theRead MoreFeminism And The Third Wave Of Feminism1212 Words   |  5 Pageshas advanced so has the definition of feminism. In 2017 feminism means something completely different than what it did in the days of women s suffrage. No longer is feminism working on allowing women just to vote. It focuses on intersectionality, gender norms, women s reproductive rights, and so much more. We are in the third wave of feminism. In 2017 most millennials identify with third wave feminism or a variant of the movement and strive to abolish gender roles, patriarchy, and fight for womenRead MoreFeminism Theory Of T he Political, Economic, And Social Equality1137 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism theory according to Merriam-Webster definition is the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes (p.1). There are four major categories of feminist theories- Gender Differences, Gender Inequality, Gender Oppression and Structural Oppression. These theories analyze both women and men’s roles in society, they also question the roles of gender between men and women. This includes how class, race, ethnicity and age are viewed from a feminist perspective. The main reasonRead MoreFeminism Is An Interdisciplinary Idea881 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism is an interdisciplinary idea. In sociology, feminism broadens our ideas on gender and transforms it into a major field of study. George Ritzer, in Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, breaks feminist theory down into four major varieties, gender differences, gender inequality, gender oppression, and structural oppression. He then explains the different forms of feminism seen in each variety. The first variety, gender difference, describes, explains, and traces the implicationsRead MoreWomen As Apart Of The Feminist Equation1011 Words   |  5 PagesApart of the Feminist Equation The word feminism can cause people to have many different reactions. Watson suggests that some people feel that feminism is â€Å"man-hating†. Others feel that feminism should mean that women should be the dominant gender. Watson defines feminism in her speech as equality of genders on a political, economic and social spectrum (Watson). Watson is primarily arguing, however that feminism is not an issue that is specific to women. Feminism is the issue of all people; she alsoRead MoreAnalysis of Gender Inequality with a Focus on Feminist Ideas Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Gender Inequality with a Focus on Feminist Ideas The goal of this paper is to describe and analyze gender inequality, focusing on the history of feminist ideas. I will start with a basic overview of the entire feminist movement, and will then analyze feminism more specifically. In this analysis I will focus on the different types of feminism. Most notably of these types will be the main groups that consist of socialist feminists, liberal feminists, and radical feminists. I will describeRead MoreWomen s Equality For Women1407 Words   |  6 Pagesthey were women. Overtime feminism has expanded and diversified in many different aspects including approach and priorities. The changes in them are result of many different social economic groups of women because of the various goals set for methods of creating change, which are implemented within the movement. The feminist movement has been trying to give equal rights to women who have been destitute of their equality and privileges that man have never given them. Feminism is beneficial to men, womenRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gender Identities And Social Identities1442 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between gender identities and social identities. I look at many different areas of research into these two topics and then relate to how that effects the inequality or equality of gender. I will also look at the ways in which girls dis-identify with feminism and why? As well as looking at how girl’s ambitions have changed since the 1970’s. I also look at why men may be just as suppressed as women by society and its norms and values. The connection between gender and social inequalities and identities

Horticulture - The Physical and Chemical Properties Potting Mixes

Question: Discuss about the Horticulture for the Properties of Potting Mixes. Answer: Activity -1 Testing the physical properties of potting mixes Air-filled porosity (AFP) Results Name of mix V (ml) Vt (ml) AFP% Wettability time 1. Potting mix- 1 0.92 4.8 19% 25s 2. Potting mix-2 .75 5 15% 10s 3. Potting mix -3 1.25 5 25% 35s 4. Potting mix -4 0.9 4.5 20% 15s 5. Potting mix-5 1.5 5 30% 10s Wettability Results Name of mix Time Comment 1. Potting mix- 1 25s Wettability is normal 2. Potting mix-2 5s The water holding capacity of this mix is very high 3. Potting mix -3 35s Wettability of mix is very low 4. Potting mix -4 15s Wettability is normal 5. Potting mix-5 10s The water holding capacity of this mix is very high Observations Quality of the mixes The Air-filled-porosity of all the provided potting mixes shows an acceptable AFP score, which lies between 15 to 30% for all the plants. As per potting mix porosity provided by Department of agriculture and food, the count of at least 15% AFP is minimum for proper propagation (Agric.wa.gov.au, 2016). The wettability of potting mix also occurred between 10s-15s, time duration indicating a good water absorption capacity of potting mixes. The wettability of potting mix -2 is high because potting mix used for lettuce has high humus rich soil that holds water for the long duration. Potential problems There is no potential problem because the obtained AFP is above 15% in all the potting mix samples. The wettability of potting mix-4 is very low. Recommendation Wetting agent can be used to enhance the wettability of potting mix-4 Activity -2 Testing the chemical properties of potting mixes pH Results Potting mix pH-colour kit test pH- pH meter test EC- EC meter test 1. Potting mix- 1 5.4 5.3 5.3 2. Potting mix-2 5.6 5.6 5.6 3. Potting mix -3 3 3.1 3.1 4. Potting mix -4 5.6 5.7 5.7 5. Potting mix-5 5.9 5.9 5.9 Observations a) Are the results for both methods of pH measurement the same? The pH results using the colour test kit, pH meter and EC meter are not observed to be same in all tests. In the five potting mix there is a difference in the reading of pH using colour test kit from the reading of EC and pH meter. The readings of EC meter and pH meter are similar in all the potting mix but the reading of colour kit test differs in the potting mix- 1,3 and 4. However, the readings of EC meter and pH meter are similar for all the five potting mix. b) Which method, in your opinion, is more accurate and in which situation would you use each method? In my opinion, the EC meter and pH meter can be considered as more reliable and accurate because the reading of both the instruments are same for all the five potting mix. Further, Quraishi et al. (2011) stated that pH meter simplifies the pH test where the pH value is determined automatically by the electronic device and displayed on the meter screen. In contrast, using a pH strip of the pH testing kit requires manual identification of pH that can persist manual errors. Hence, the pH meter is considered to be more accurate method to determine pH. The pH colour kit is reliable when there is no requirement of identifying the specific pH value. The pH colour kit is best to identify only the acidic or basic nature of the sample. Whereas, pH meter and EC meter are best for a situation where a specific value of pH is required to be evaluated in the sample. c) Compare your results with the Australian standard AS3743 and classify this mixes? As per AS3743 there are four categories of potting mixes that are All-purpose potting mix, Acid-loving plant potting mix, Premium potting mix and plant-specific potting mix (Agric.wa.gov.au, 2016). All the above provided potting mix can be considered as All-purpose potting mix because their physical conditions are suitable for all purpose of the plantation. However, potting mix- 3 can be considered as acid-loving plant potting mix because its pH value is slightly acidic then required for all-purpose plantation (Toogood, 1999). d)Make a recommendation for the use of these potting mixes. (Are they suitable for any type of propagation or for the general plant growing purpose?) The above provided potting mix 1, 2, 4, and 5 are suitable for any type of propagation but the potting mix 4 is suitable for propagation of plant that requires acidic soil for growth. e)If the mixes dont comply with the standard, please give the recommendation how to adjust these mixes, so they can be suitable for propagation purpose. All the potting mixes are suitable for all-purpose propagation except potting mix - 4 that has an acidic pH. This potting mix can be made suitable for propagation by adding NaOH solution and reducing the acidity of mix below 6.5 to make it usable for all types of propagation (Mason, 2004). Activity -3 The toxicity test Results Potting mixes Roots after 4 days (mm) 1. Potting mix- 1 3mm 2. Potting mix-2 1.3mm 3. Potting mix -3 .2mm 4. Potting mix -4 2mm 5. Potting mix-5 2.3mm Observation As per above performed toxicity test, all the potting mixes seedling showed some amount of rooting but the seedling in potting mix-4 showed very less growth of just. 2mm. The reason for low rooting in seeds of potting mix-4 can be the acidic nature of this mix because Quraishi et al. (2011) studies state that acidic soil does not supports propagation resulting in slow growth or even seed death. However, all the other potting mix are suitable for propagation because there is rooting observed between 1.3-3mm within 4 days duration. The potting mix-1 shows maximum propagation capacity with rooting of 3mm within 4days. Activity -4 Propagation techniques Plant record Plant name Trial date Treatments Hormones Lilly pilly (Syzygium smithii) Cleaning with running tap water for 15 min and soaking in 70% alcohol for 1 minute. Rinse the plant with running tap water after alcohol treatment. IBA hormone to stimulate root growth Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Soaked in boiling water for 48 hours. Abscisic acid for stimulating growth Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Soaked in boiling water for 48 hours. Ethylene for growth Lemon (Citrus limon) Soaked in boiling water for 24 hours. Cytokinin (BAP) for growth Azalea (Rhododendron azaleas) Cleaning with running tap water for 15 min IBA hormone to stimulate root growth *All the treatments and hormones are added as per requirement of provided plant sample Quality of propagation material Propagation material of plants Quality analysis Lilly pilly shoot cutting The shoot cuttings were healthy, new shoots, disease free with no mechanical damage. They were little contaminated with regular dust and water. Lettuce - Seeds Seeds provided were having ASA (Australian Seeds Authority Ltd.) certification. Seeds were disease free, healthy and test certified material. Pumpkin - Seeds Seeds provided were having ASA (Australian Seeds Authority Ltd.) certification. Seeds were disease free, healthy and test certified material. Lemon - Seeds Seeds provided were having ASA (Australian Seeds Authority Ltd.) certification. Seeds were disease free, healthy and test certified material. Azalea Shoot cuttings The shoot cuttings were healthy, new shoots, disease free with no mechanical damage and contamination. Other comments Plant -1 The shoot cutting sample of Lilly pilly plant was treated with running tap water and 70% alcohol because it consisted dust and outside water contamination. The treatment with 70% alcohol allows complete purification from dust with no damage to plant sample. The hormone IBA Indole-3-butyric acid was used to initiate rooting in the provided shoot cutting because shoot cutting needs to hold the soil as quickly as possible. Plant -2 Lettuce seeds provided as a sample were soaked in boiling water to make swell seed up to 1.5 larger sizes that will make germination very quick and easy in propagation. The abscisic acid is used to initiate seed germination and growth. Plant -3 Pumpkin seeds were soaked in boiling water for 48 hours to induce germination and ethylene worked as a growth hormone to initiate quick germination and shoot generation. Plant 4 Lemon seeds were soaked in boiling water for 24 hours to induce germination and BAP hormone 6-Benzylaminopurine worked as shoot generation hormone. Plant -5 Azalea shoot cuttings were washed with running water for 15 minutes to avoid chances of contamination and IBA was added in the mix to initiate rooting in the provided sample (Hartmann et al. 2011). Propagation techniques As these are two types of propagation materials that are shoot cuttings and seeds for all the five plants. Therefore, the seed germination and stem cutting propagation techniques are used to perform propagation. Seed propagation Materials Seed sample Boiling water Pots or trays 3inches deep with base holes Potting mix Flat board Saltshaker Spatula Peat moss Water Hormones Method Taken the seed sample and performed the treatment process as described above for each seed sample. Taken pots and trays soaked in 10% Clorox solution. The pots and trays were washed thoroughly. Filled the pots and trays with potting mix to the top and loosen the potting mix with flat board about half inches below the top of the pots. Further, the treated seeds were added to the surface mix with a spatula and shacked with saltshaker. Covered the seeds to the depth of twice their diameter. Peat moss or potting mix was used to cover seeds Added the required amount of hormone specific for each sample. Regularly water the by keeping the container in the pan of water for 1 minute that allows mix soak up the maximum water (Quraishiet al. 2011). Shoot propagation Materials Shoot cuttings sample Running tap water 70% alcohol Pots or trays 3inches deep with base holes Potting mix Sharp knife Rooting gel Forecep Peat moss Water Hormones Method The shoot cuttings were treated as per the treatment mentioned above. Using a sharp knife, a cut was made on the bottom of shoot samples at 45-degree angle to increase rooting area. Keep 2-3 set of leaves attached while cut the bottom set of leaves. Further, the prepared cutting was dipped in rooting gel that contains required rooting hormone. Taken pots and trays soaked in 10% Clorox solution. The pots and trays were washed thoroughly. Filled the pots and trays with potting mix to the top and loosen the potting mix with the flat board about half inches below the top of the pots. Now hold the shoot with the help of foreceps and place it straight in potting mix pots. Kept the inoculated plant in the warm and bright place. Provided water and hormone as required by the sample (Al Khateeb et al. 2012). Results and observations after weeks of propagation Successful propagation data Propagation plants Success rate Quality Lilly pilly shoot cutting Good shooting and rooting Healthy growth Lettuce - Seeds Good roots but fewer shoots Retarded shoot growth Pumpkin - Seeds Good shooting and rooting Healthy growth Lemon - Seeds Good shooting but less rooting Retarded root growth Azalea Shoot cuttings Good shooting and roots Healthy growth Rooting quality Propagation plants Treatment Hormone Rooting quality Rooting rate Lilly pilly shoot cutting 70% alcohol + IBA IBA Healthy roots 80% Lettuce - Seeds Soaked in boiling water Abscisic acid Healthy roots 94% Pumpkin - Seeds Soaked in boiling water Ethylene Healthy roots 68% Lemon - Seeds Soaked in boiling water Cytokinin (BAP) Retarded roots 30% Azalea Shoot cuttings 70% alcohol + IBA IBA Healthy roots 90% *The rooting rate was calculated by determining the percentage of plants showing roots Remedial procedure As per above observations, Lettuce sample propagation showed less shooting and lemon sample showed less rooting. The reason can be applied hormones where changing the shooting hormone for lettuce can initiate shooting process and implementing rooting hormones for the propagation of lemon seeds can initiate better rooting process. Using ethylene in place of abscisic acid can provide better shooting in lettuce. Further, using IBA in seed propagation of lemon can provide better rooting rate. The propagation obtained for Lilly, Pumpkin and Azalea were satisfactory. References Books Hartmann,HT, Kester,DE, Davies,FT, Geneve,RL 2011, Plant Propagation Principles and Practices, Prentice Hall, Sydney Mason,J 2004, Nursery Management, Land Links, Collingwood, Australia Toogood,A 1999, Plant Propagation, DK Publishing, INC, London Journals Al Khateeb, W., Hussein, E., Qouta, L., Aludatt, M., Al-Shara, B. and Abu-Zaiton, A., 2012. In vitro propagation and characterization of phenolic content along with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Cichorium pumilum Jacq.Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC),110(1), pp.103-110. Quraishi, A., Jadhav, S.K. and Gupta, S., 2011. In vitro Clonal Propagation of Cassia tora L.(Coffee Pod): A Medicinal Plant.Biotechnology,10(6), pp.546-550. Websites Agric.wa.gov.au. (2016).Potting mixes | Department of Agriculture and Food. [online] Available at: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/nursery-cutflowers/potting-mixes [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016].

Packed and Fluidised Bed Behaviour in a Solid-Liquid System

Question: Discuss about the Packed and Fluidised Bed Behaviour in a Solid-Liquid System. Answer: Introduction Fluidisation takes place due to an upward flow of fluid through a particle bed in particle technology. In this process, the particles in the bed are lifted up, and therefore, do not touch one another. This results to the transformation of the particle bed into a fluid-like condition. During the flow of the fluid through the particle bed, a pressure decrease is detected as a result of the fluid drag force. Such a pressure decrease continues until the minimum fluidisation speed is obtained. The lowest amount of fluidisation speed is the minimum speed of the upward flowing fluid through the bed containing the particles that is needed to produce fluidisation (Maroufi, Khoshandam, Kumar, 2012). This takes place when the pressure decrease is equal to the weight of the particles in the bed. Consequently, this results in the particles dissociating. A fluidised bed results when a bed containing the particles goes through the suitable conditions needed for fluidisation, under the confinement of a controlled container. The tremendous mixing that occurs between the solid and fluid in a fluidised bed results in the towering rates of both weight and heat transfer. As a result, fluidised beds are enormously handy and play a central part in a broad variety of industrial and engineering processes. For instance, fluidised beds can be employed as reactors for the catalytic dissociation of complex hydrocarbons. They can also be used in the granulation process for the enlargement of the particle size, for the separation of minerals and particles size and density. Additionally, they can be utilized for solid cooling as a result of heat transfer. In other more advanced applications, fluidised beds can be employed in the coal gasification process (Sokł, 2001). During its many applications, the system parameters vary significantly li ke the particles property and the speed at which fluidisation process takes place (Doroodchi et al., 2012). The lab report illustrates an experiment carried out to study the packed and fluidised beds with the aim of investigating the characteristics of packed and fluidised beds under changing conditions, and the outcome of varying shaped particles on such operating conditions. The experiment also gives perspective into how these characteristics can be tapped within an industrial setting. This experiment was undertaken into two segments. The first segment employed spherical particles to constitute the particle bed. On the contrary, the second experiment employed cylindrically shaped particles. In both cases, the hydrodynamic properties of fluidised beds were studied. The focus was majorly on the conditions obligatory for a packed bed of particles to go through fluidisation. Similarly, the experiment focused on the associated pressure reduction through the bed with the rising flow rate of the particles. The particles bed was at the start, allowed to fluidize before taken through the process of de-fluidisation. The experimental pressure decrease was compared for trends, similarities and differences that occurred during the process of fluidization and de-fluidisation. Subsequently, the experimental outcomes were also compared with the theoretical association proposed by Richardson , Zaki, Ergun, and Carman-Kozeny. To begin with, the equations used and the derivation in the calculation of the theoretical forecasting for the operating conditions of both the fluidised and packed beds is illustrated later in this report. The report also covers the experimental procedure, and the results from the study. The results are comprehensively discussed and descried into detail in comparison to the existing theories outlined in the report. The report concludes with the general conclusions and recommendations anchored on the determinations of the experimental study. Experimental Materials, Apparatus, and Equipment The experiment was carried out using a fabricated fluidised bed reactor apparatus, particularly projected to measure the pressure reduction which takes place across both a fluidised and packed bed. The fluidised bed reactor column assumed a cylindrical profile, with an interior diameter of 2.5 cm, and corresponding exterior diameter of 3.0 cm. The fluidised bed reactor column comprised of a particle bed conflated with water to make the column packed. The particle bed was fabricated using both clear spherical beads of diameter 0.202 cm, and green cylindrical beads with a diameter of 0.249 cm and length of 0.192 cm. A variable regulator valve regulated the fluid flow into the reactor column that contains the particle bed. The output made use of the flow rates varying from 0 to 42 g/s. This represented a range of 0 to 70% of the production capacity of the beds measured using a rotameter. A DP Cell having an output reading that ranges from 0.94 to 4.39 V evaluated the decrease in pressure inside the reactor column. The measured emfs were changed into a height difference in respect to water. This was achieved by calibrating the output emfs to a head difference in terms of the water column that ranges numerically between 0 to 48 cm in terms of water column. The Figure below illustrates a schematic diagram of the apparatus employed in the experiment The apparatus elements are as identified below Part Name 1 Fluid reservoir 2 Pump 3/3A Control valves 4 Flowmeter 5 Drain pipe 6 Cam lock 1; releases the drain pipe but holds gauze in place to retain beads 7 Cam lock 2; releases the gauze that retains the beads 8 Fluidised bed reactor column 9 Top gauze; to hold the beads within the column if the flow is excessive 10 Transition system 11 Bleed box and pressure sensors 12 Calibration levels 13 Processor 14 Multimeter Experimental Procedure The preamble of the experiment involved turning on of the pump and subsequently bleeding off any trapped air within the plastic tubes. The DP Cell was graduated by first turning the valves to the calibrate initials position. The output emf was then measured and recorded for various water head heights. These figures were measured by varying the height of one of the calibration tubes in an increasing manner. The regulator valves were then replaced to the operate initial setting. After that, the rotameter was graduated to measure and estimate the mass flow rate of the water in the column for varying rotameter values. This was obtained by gathering a specified volume of water of known mass in a measuring cylinder over a timed interval. Afterwards, the collected water was weighed to estimate its mass at changing flow rates. The water tapped was taken back to the reservoir after determining its weight. Subsequent to the calibration of the DP cell and rotameter, the original bed column of t he spherical particles were measured and recorded together with the DP cell reading in terms of emf output as a percentage of the flow rate. The liquid flow rate in the bed was steadily but slowly raised in incremental steps each averaging to 5% of the aggregate flow rate. At the same time, the pressure decrease and bed column variation was measured and recorded. The process went on until readings at the most prominent and optimum flow rate was tested. The estimated optimum for the bed column is 70%. The column of the bed was afterwards de-fluidised. This was achieved by gradually reducing the liquid flow rate back to the initial setting (zero) with a steady additive steps. At the same time, similar measurements of bed column and DP cell emf output were recorded for the purposes of analysis. The diameter of an individual particle was then estimated using vernier callipers as a measuring instrument. Subsequently, ten particles were put inside a measuring cylinder with a known mass. T he contents were then weighed and separately recorded. This enabled for the computation of the mean mass of one individual bed particle. Finally, the packed bed voidage was estimated by putting 2 mL of particles in a measuring cylinder. Afterwards, 2 mL of water was added into the container and the difference in liquid height was observed and recorded. The same experimental procedure was then repeated for the cylindrically shaped particles of the fluidised bed. Data Analysis Using the graduation data for the DP cell, a graduation curve was obtained that assisted in the conversion of the emf reading to a head difference in terms of water column. The graduation statistics for the rotameter enabled for the estimation of both the mass and volumetric flow rate. These two variables enabled for the calculation of the fluid speed. By employing the experimental numerical information of pressure decline and flow rate, a comparative analysis of the variants was undertaken for both fluidisation and de-fluidisation processes respectively. The deviating bed porosity with regard to fluid speed was also estimated for both the fluidisation and de-fluidisation phases. Using the data obtained as illustrated in this experiment, the theoretical equations and principles of both Carman-Kozeny and Ergun were utilised to forecast the theoretical pressure reductions and fluctuations (Kramer et al., 2015). The theoretical values of the equations obtained were compared to the exper imental data achieved. In the case of the cylindrical particles, the Sauter diameter of the particles was approximated to assist in the utilisation of the Ergun and Carman-Kozeny equations in the workings. Moreover, Richardson and Zaki equation and theory was also employed to arrive at the theoretical bed voidage for various fluid speeds (Zhang, Meng, Guo, Guo, 2015). Their results were then compared with the experimental values obtained. References Doroodchi, E., Peng, Z., Sathe, M., Abbasi-Shavazi, E., Evans, G. M. (2012). Fluidisation and packed bed behaviour in capillary tubes.Powder technology,223, 131-136. Kramer, O., Jobse, M. A., Baars, E. T., van der Helm, A. W. C., Colin, M. G., Kors, L., van Vugt, W. H. (2015). Model-based prediction of fluid bed state in full-scale drinking water pellet softening reactors. InProceedings of the 2nd IWA New Developments in IT Water conference, Amsterdam (The Netherlands) 8-10 Febr. 2015; Authors version. IWA. Maroufi, S., Khoshandam, B., Kumar, R. (2012). Comparison between fluidised bed and packed bed reactors: non-catalytic gassolid reactions.Ironmaking Steelmaking,39(4), 301-311. https://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743281211y.0000000061 Sokł, W. (2001). Operating parameters for a gasliquidsolid fluidised bed bioreactor with a low density biomass support.Biochemical Engineering Journal,8(3), 203-212. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-703x(01)00100-0 Zhang, Z., Meng, J., Guo, L., Guo, Z. (2015). Numerical Study of the Gas Distribution in an Oxygen Blast Furnace. Part 1: Model Building and Basic Characteristics. JOM, 67(9), 1936-1944. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1529-y